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zing its own ruinous neglect. For example, during the late Middle Ages and Renaissance the an- cient Theatre of Marcellus was fortified and raised two floors to be transformed into a palace and now houses apartments. “Rome’s monuments, including the Co- losseum, were pilfered for raw materials to build the city,” adds Claudia Moatti, a professor of Roman history. After WWII and the German bombings – a trauma as profound and destructive as the Great Fire of 1666 – London created a trust to assess the historic and aesthe- tic value of its buildings and mo- numents. In 1965, after the des- truction of its soaring Penn Station, New York followed suit. To reinforce existing safeguards in these two tourist centres, both the Tower of London and the Sta- tue of Liberty were listed as UNESCOWorld Heritage Sites, in 1988 and 1984 respectively. HERITAGE, A FLUID CONCEPT The notion of heritage has gone global. When Beijing’s Forbidden City, a symbol of power of the imperial dynasties, was listed as a UNESCOWorld Heritage Site in 1987, China recognised the need to safeguard prestigious his- toric locations. “At the same time, in the 20th century, historians have also broadened their vision by considering buildings in their environment instead of in isola- tion,” emphasises urban historian Isabelle Backouche. “This is how Paris’ Marais quarter, once slated for destruction, was largely sa- ved.” The entire neighbourhood, teeming with graceful 17th- and 18th-century mansions and gardens, was fully classified in 1964. The founders of the Festi- val du Marais resorted to an ear- ly form of crowdfunding to help restore emblematic buildings. Certain industrial-era constructs, like the old Les Halles, designed by Victor Baltard, were destroyed, while others, like the Eiffel Tower, have survived. “Widely de-

Le Centre Pompidou, conçu par les architectes Renzo Piano et Richard Rogers, a été inauguré en 1977. Centre Pompidou, designed by architects Renzo Piano and Richard Rogers, was completed in 1977.

méritait d’être sauvé » , explique Daniel Imbert, secrétaire général de la Commission du Vieux Pa- ris, créée en 1897 après le « deu- xième choc » du remodelage de la ville sous Napoléon III. Rome suit alors l’exemple parisien. Cepen- dant, la capitale italienne n’avait pas toujours fait preuve d’une telle détermination : à la fin du Moyen Âge et à la Renaissance, le théâtre antique de Marcellus avait été fortifié puis surélevé de deux étages pour être transformé en palais et il accueille aujourd’hui encore des appartements. « On a aussi utilisé les monuments de

Rome, et notamment le Colisée, comme matériaux pour construire la ville qui se développait » , rap- porte Claudia Moatti, professeure d’histoire romaine. À Londres, où les bombes alle- mandes ont provoqué un trau- matisme proche de celui du grand incendie de 1666, il fau- dra attendre la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale pour que la ville se dote d’instances d’évaluation de l’intérêt historique et esthétique du bâti. En 1965, New York lui emboîte le pas. De quoi compléter les premières mesures de sauve- garde déjà mises en place par

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